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  • LINUX

    LINUX:In 1969 AT&T made a decision to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS (General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor / System), with AT & T in Bells Lab when Multics was withdrawn some of the programmers named Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie decided to rewrite operating system in order to support low cost computer..To Know More

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  • MICROSOFT

    MICROSOFT:Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800. It rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s,followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. To Know More

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  • CISCO

    CISCO:During the early 1980s, there was a married couple namely Len and Sandy Bosack who used to work in two different departments of computer located in Stanford University. This couple was facing problem in making their computers communicate with each other To Know More

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TCP & UDP


TCP and UDP



 OSI Model                                                                                      DOD Model

                                                                                                            (Department of Defence)

                                                                                                            TCP/IP Stack




TCP / UDP

TCP:  Transmission Control Protocol

UDP:  User Datagram Protocol -- - Eg:  Live Streaming Match

Basic File Permissions


Basic File Permissions



In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, all files have file permissions that determine whether a user is allowed to read, write, or execute them.


Basic File Access Permissions

Each file and directory has three user based permission groups:

1) owner (Users)- The Owner permissions apply only the owner of the file or directory, they will not impact the actions of other users.


2) group - The Group permissions apply only to the group that has been assigned to the file or directory, they will not effect the actions of other users.


OSIMODEL


OSIMODEL

(ISO  Invent)




Open System Interconnection


Number 7-1 is called In capsulation
Number 1-7 is called  DE capsulation




WEB SERVICES

Source Port : 33325                                           Source Port : 80
Destination Port : 80                                         Destination Port: 33325




Define Layers

Physical layers :
 
·       Binary Transmission : Physical layers define the electric, Mechanical  procedural and Specification for activating  maintaining and deactivating the Physical link.
DATA  LINK LAYERS :
·       Access to media : Data link define how data is formatted for transmission and how access to the network is control.
NETWORK LAYERS :

·       Data Delivery
1.     Routers data packets
2.     Select best part to deliver data
3.     Provide logical addressing and path selection
TRANSPORT LAYERS:
End to End connection
1.     Handle transportation issue between host
2.     Insure data transport reliability and flow control
3.     Establishes, Montanan and Terminate Virtual  Circuits


SESSION LAYERS:
Inter Host Communication
Establishes, Managers and Terminate Session between Application.
PRESENTATION LAYERS:

Data Representation
1.     Formatting and Structuring Data.
2.     Negotiate Data transferred SYNTEX and APPLICATION layers
3.     Provide CRYPTION

APPLICATION LAYERS:
Network Process to Application
1.     Provides network services to application processes such as Email, File transferred and terminal emulation.
2.     Provides user authentication
 

TOPOLOGY



TOPOLOGY



Layers of Networks

Types of Topology:--

 

1.     BUS TOPOLOGY





STAR TOPOLOGY

Switch or HUB





RING TOPOLOGY





MESH TOPOLOGY

FULL MESH
 
 

HYBRID TOPOLGY

Collection of Multiple Topologies

 

Cabling


CABLING



Three types of Cable

1.      Coaxial  ----- Specially using for T.V Connection



1.      Fiber Optic

 
1.      Twisted Pair
 
 
There are two types of Twisted Pair
(STP)                                                                                         (UTP)
Shielded twisted pair cable                                          Unshielded twisted pair cable   
 
 
 





Straight Through Used:--

1.      Switch to Router

2.      Switch to PC or Server

3.      Hub to PC or Server





Crossover Used:

1.      Switch to Switch

2.      Switch to Hub

3.      PC to PC
1.      Hub to Hub
2.      Router to Router
3.      Router to Ethernet
Simple E.g.:
Crossover Use: PC to PC
Straight Through Use:  PC to Switch
 
Category of UTP
CAT 1.Use for telephone communication and suitable for transmitting data.
CAT 2.  Capable of transmitting data at speed of upto 4Mbps
CAT3.  Use in 10Base –T Network
CAT4. Use in token ring network and can transmit data at speed upto 16 Mbps
CAT 5. Capable of Transmitting data speed upto 100 Mbps
CAT 5e.Use in Network running at speed upto 1000 Mbps
CAT 6.Consist of 4 pairs of 24 gauge copper wire, which can transmit data speed upto 1000 Mbps
 
The History of Network Cable
1.      1973:  Xerox invents Ethernet. (3MBPS)
2.      1982: Ethernet Standardized between Vendors(10 MBPS)
3.      1995: Fast Ethernet EMERGES (100 MBPS)
4.      2000: Gigabytes Ethernet Images (1000 MBPS)
5.      2002: 10 Gigabytes Ethernet emerges (10000 MBPS)
6.      2007: 100 Gigabytes Ethernet emerges ( 100000 MBPS)




 

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